We located 105 active nests, mostly when you are riding more sluggish along side landscape
During for each and every breeding year we searched for nests intensively throughout the research website. We used the new fate each and every colony until the egg hatched or perhaps the nest were not successful. Nests had been went to between 0900 and you may 1700 times and check outs lasted 2 hundred meters away from the nest, anywhere between 1000 and you can 1700 days. Length of the focal observations ranged regarding 30 minute to 7 h, in addition to total duration of observation are 29.5 h. While the our findings ranged in length so there was indeed cases within the that the male is at new colony from day to night, to help you imagine the newest part of colony attention we pooled the latest focal observations off nests which were in one stage regarding incubation.
Once the males are more inclined to desert the newest nest whenever interrupted at the an initial phase of your own nesting stage ( Fernandez and you can Reboreda 2000), we monitored almost all of the nests (9 of 11 circumstances totaling 34 colony-days) throughout the mid- otherwise late incubation
The thermistor of the temperature logger was introduced in a fresh natural orphan egg (unattended eggs laid far from active nests; Navarro et al. 1998) through a small hole in the equatorial plane and fixed to the eggshell with epoxy adhesive. The egg was attached to the center of the nest and the data logger was hidden under the nest. The data logger automatically recorded the temperature at 3.8 or 6 min intervals during four or six days, respectively. We monitored egg temperatures in those 11 nests totaling 40 nest-days. In the other two cases we started the monitoring of the nest three and five days after the laying of the first egg. None of the nests used for monitoring male activity was deserted. We used the decrease in egg temperature to determine when the male left the nest ( Hainsworth et al. 1998, Flint and Grand 1999). We previously estimated egg cooling-rate of Greater Rhea eggs by heating six fresh eggs up to 33°C and then placing them in an environment at a temperature of 25°C, similar to temperatures registered in our study area between 1100 and 1300 hours (the warmest time of the day). We estimated egg cooling-rate by dividing the initial difference in temperature between eggs and the environment by the time elapsed until eggs reached a thermal equilibrium with the environment. The estimated egg cooling-rate for a temperature gradient of 8°C was 0.063 ± 0.01°C min ?1 . We assumed that the male left the nest when the difference in egg temperature was |T(t) ? T(t?1)| > 1°C, where T(t) and T(t?1) are egg temperatures at a time interval of 15 min https://lovingwomen.org/tr/blog/bir-es-bulmak-icin-en-iyi-ulke/ when data loggers were set at 3.8 min intervals or 18 min when they were set at 6 min intervals. We considered that the male was outside the nest since the time at which the difference between T(t) and T(t?1) was negative until the time it was positive (i.e. the male resumed incubation). Although the sun can heat eggs when the male is absent (particularly at midday), unattended eggs never reached temperatures >30°C (see below). Therefore, it was possible for us to discriminate between an increase in temperature produced by the Sun and one produced by males when they resume incubation.
I plus measured type for the egg temperature within the three experimental nests (nests instead men attract). I utilized nests that were previously discontinued since the fresh nests. When you look at the for each nest (clutch designs off 16, 21, and you may 23 egg) i repaired one-egg having a great thermistor in to the, for the center of one’s colony similarly you to definitely we did on the effective nests (pick significantly more than).